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: 211 Middle Ages Įarly medieval alchemists built upon the work of Zosimos in the Byzantine Empire and the Arab empires. In the seventeenth century, Thomas Vaughan writes, "the first matter of the stone is the very same with the first matter of all things". The importance of this philosophical first matter persisted throughout the history of alchemy.
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Prima materia is also the name alchemists assign to the starting ingredient for the creation of the philosophers' stone. : 29 According to Plato, the four elements are derived from a common source or prima materia (first matter), associated with chaos.
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Alchemists later used the classical elements, the concept of anima mundi, and Creation stories presented in texts like Plato's Timaeus as analogies for their process. The theoretical roots outlining the stone's creation can be traced to Greek philosophy. The legend of the stone was also compared to the biblical history of the Temple of Solomon and the rejected cornerstone described in Psalm 118. This knowledge was said to be passed down through biblical patriarchs, giving them their longevity.
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Elias Ashmole and the anonymous author of Gloria Mundi (1620) claim that its history goes back to Adam, who acquired the knowledge of the stone directly from God. : 66 Alchemical writers assign a longer history. The earliest known written mention of the philosophers' stone is in the Cheirokmeta by Zosimos of Panopolis (c.